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Bond In Investing Savings The tsunami that took a heavy toll in human life also battered Indian Ocean coral reefs that already were in distress from pollution and global warming, possibly causing damage that will require decades to recover, experts say.

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Bond Investment Toledo Toledo Scientists have yet to conduct a complete survey of damage to the coral reefs from the tsunami, but experts fear that some of the Earth's most spectacular coral formations may carry scars from the killer wave for many years.

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James Bond Trading Card Tom Hourigan, a coral reef expert for the National Marine Fisheries Service, said that coral formations throughout the Indian Ocean were severely damaged by El Nino warming in 1997 and 1998 and were just beginning to recover when they were slammed by the tsunami last month.

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Bond In Investing Stock ``It is very likely that the tsunami would damage the coral and some of the worst damage would come from debris thrown up against the reefs,'' said Hourigan.

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Municipal Bonds Investment He said the shallow reefs along hundreds of miles of beach in Indian Ocean would be victimized by a ``one-two tsunami punch.''

At the far end of the passage was another sheer wall dropping straight down into the blue. We had swum clear through the reef. Mary's Place was actually a huge outcropping of solid coral fractured by a past earthquake that created the canyons. On the offshore side, a large school of creole wrasse, purple with black noses and orange flanks, streamed up and over the wall, flowing around soft corals and giant barrel sponges. The corals looked fine with no apparent damage from either hurricane or divers.

Bond Terms Trading First, the tsunami wave would rise as it entered shallow water and smash into the coral reef, said Hourigan. The force of the wave itself could damage the reef. But then would come the second punch. As the wave swept back into the ocean, it would carry tons of debris ---- including cars, trees, refrigerators and furniture ---- along with sludge and silt.

Bond Debt High In Inside The heavy debris would hit the reefs like battering rams, bulldozing the fragile coral formations. The sludge can bury the coral, suffocating it.

Bond Greenville Greenville ``One of the biggest impacts will be from the debris pulled off the land onto the reefs,'' said Hourigan. ``We've been doing quite a bit of work in the western Hawaiian islands in removing debris. It is likely that a lot of debris coming off the land will be damaging to the reefs.''

Trading Stock And Bonds He said in studies following typhoons in Guam showed that tin roofs blown onto coral caused significant damage when ordinary wave action used the tin to grind away at the reef.

Bond Investing Municipal Some minor damage is repaired by the coral fairly quickly, but major reef destruction can take decades to heal, he said.

Basis Bond Finance Hill Coral reefs also may suffer more diseases and even death from the silt and sand that chokes the tiny organisms that builds the reefs.

Bond Explained Terms Trading ``Some entire reef ... ecosystems could have been buried by sediments flushed into shallow environments,'' said Russel E. Brainard, chief of the coral reef division of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center in Honolulu. For reefs normally washed by high tidal action, this sediment could be swept clean within weeks or months. But in reef areas protected from tidal waves or currents, the cleansing could take years or decades, Brainard said in an e-mail.

Bond Business Investing Stock As tsunami waves retreat to the ocean, they also flushed off the land oils, paints and other hazardous chemicals, said Brainard.

Bond Houston Houston ``All of these chemicals are now in the near shore ecosystems interacting with all types of marine life,'' he said. ``These stressors could result in diseases to corals, algae, fish and other (organisms). The impacts could be long lived.

Stock Bonds Day Trading Brainard said that plastics, including such things as fishing nets, fish line and traps, are also washed into coral reefs and the near shore environment. Such plastics will last in the marine environment for years, even decades, he said.

Bond Corporate Investing The loss of coral reefs could severely reduce the amount of fish available to some small, oceanside rural communities in Asia and Africa that depend on the sea for food.

Investment Bond Uk ``The three-dimension structure of a coral reef is the most important factor in the richnesses you see on a reef,'' said Hourigan. ``Fish depend on it for hiding places, for the prey they feed on.

Bond Trading Strategy ``A large amount of the protein that human communities need come from fishing on the coral reefs,'' he said. If the reefs are severely damaged, then this could affect the fish population ``and have an impact on those communities for a long period of time.''

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Bond Management Market Risk NOAA Fisheries: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov

Bond In Investing Municipal Associated Press - 1/7/2005

Topic: Ocean

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