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Bond In Investing Savings Across the globe, polluted runoff and algae are smothering corals while hot spells are bleaching the color from their branches and ridges. Scientists say if nothing changes, 40% of the world's reefs could be lost by 2010.

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Bond Investment Toledo Toledo CULEBRA, Puerto Rico -- Hues from pink to orange, auburn and green draw the eye across a coral reef that has grown inch by inch for thousands of years.

43f Seasonal viewing of humpback whales (July to September) Encounters with three species of dolphin Excellent opportunities to view whale sharks (the worlds largest fish) Coral reefs comprise a variety of hard and soft species including finger, brain, honeycomb and table coral, and palmate sea fan. washed coral fragments, and is a habitat for crabs, sea snails, turtles and wading birds. The forest on the centre of the Island is comprised mostly of whistling pine, with pandanus (screw pine), berry on its outer fringe. The open sea is home to myriad life forms from plankton and shrimps to marlins and dolphins.

James Bond Trading Card The underwater garden off the small island of Culebra is among the healthiest in the Caribbean Sea. But new, little-understood diseases are killing the coral, eating away its color and leaving skeletal patches that look like concrete.

Complex communities of potentially new creatures have been discovered in the hearts of Red Sea coral reefs. In 1842, Charles Darwin identified the "coral reef paradox": the puzzling fact that reefs, the most biologically diverse regions of the oceans, deprived waters. Now that mystery may have been put to rest.

Bond In Investing Stock Across the globe, polluted runoff and algae are smothering corals while hot spells are bleaching the color from their branches and ridges. Scientists say if nothing changes, 40% of the world's reefs could be lost by 2010.

The shallow reefs of Blue Lagoon, near Padang Bai, are used for introductory dives, night dives and long photo excursions. Staghorn coral patch reefs start in only 3m of water. The reef then opens out onto an area with huge coral bommies, soft leather corals and flowing anemones. The area here can be good for macro buffs; there are rumours of a rhinopius or (lacey scorpionfish) being seen here.

Municipal Bonds Investment "I snorkel like some people go hiking," said Mary Ann Lucking, who runs the conservation group Coralations on Culebra. "But it's frustrating now. Everything is dying."

The years under the sea have transformed it one of Indonesia's most beautiful artificial reefs. The currents running by the wreck bring lots of nutrients to feed the corals. Stunning gorgonian sea fans, huge soft coral trees and big barrel sponges have all flourished at this location. A resident school of bigeye jacks live on and around the ship and are unafraid of divers, so it's safe to enter the school and have them whirl around you. The ship is also a haven for emperators, batfish, sweetlips and parrotfish.

Bond Terms Trading Most scientists blame modern society: rampant coastal construction; polluted runoff; land clearing without erosion control; sewage; bilge water from cruise ships; removal of live coral and exotic species for aquariums; overfishing and fishing with cyanide and explosives. And that's before considering climate change.

Bond Debt High In Inside There are very few reefs, probably less than 5%, that bear no trace of human activity, said Mark Spalding, a marine ecologist at the U.N. Environment Program's World Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge, England.

Bond Greenville Greenville Spalding and other scientists have determined that coral reefs cover 110,900 square miles, less than one-tenth of 1% of the world's oceans. But they support more than 1 million species of marine life, sustain tourism industries and provide food for islanders throughout the tropics.

Trading Stock And Bonds Healthy reefs are like undersea rain forests that naturally draw in carbon, helping pull harmful greenhouse gases from the air. They also provide medication. AZT, a drug for HIV patients, is derived from a Caribbean reef sponge.

Bond Investing Municipal Corals come in about 1,500 known species--from soft swaying fans to stony varieties with hard skeletons that form reef bases. They are made up of polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies and feed at night on microscopic plants and creatures.

Basis Bond Finance Hill The coral's surface is the living part, with color infused by single-celled algae called zooxanthellae that live in polyp tissue. The algae act like solar panels, passing energy to the coral as they photosynthesize while feeding on the corals' waste.

Bond Explained Terms Trading Extremely sensitive, corals survive in a narrow range of temperature, sunlight and salinity.

Bond Business Investing Stock An uncommonly severe El Nino in 1998 raised ocean temperatures and changed currents, causing bleaching that devastated reefs worldwide. Scientists say parts of the Indian Ocean lost up to 90% of corals. The bleaching struck reefs around the Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.

Bond Houston Houston Some recovered. Many died.

Stock Bonds Day Trading Reefs least exposed to people fare best. Australia's Great Barrier Reef--so immense it can be seen from outer space--remains in relatively good condition, as do many in the South Pacific and Hawaii.

Bond Corporate Investing Reefs popular with divers and fishermen often lose their luster. Corals die as boats smash anchors onto them, tourists touch them and fishermen walk over shallow sections.

Investment Bond Uk Some of the largest reef fish are shot with spear guns, and lobsters are trapped for sale to restaurants. That leaves the system unbalanced, increasing populations of smaller fish and snails that gnaw at the coral.

Bond Trading Strategy Off Indonesia, the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia, some of the most severely threatened reefs face destruction from explosives hurled toward them to kill nearby fish.

Bond Fixed In Income Investing Scientists disagree about how much of the world's reefs have died: Some say 10% are degraded beyond recovery, others say 27% is gone.

Bond Dayton Dayton Investment A 1998 report by the Washington-based World Resources Institute estimates people are endangering 58% of reefs.

Bond Management Market Risk They also are threatened by diseases that have decimated Caribbean and Florida Keys reefs since the 1970s. It's not clear if the harmful microorganisms are new or if the coral has become more susceptible.

Bond In Investing Municipal In the Caribbean during the 1980s, white band disease wiped out much of the elkhorn--majestic corals with cypress-like branches that grow to 12 feet or more.

Bond Investment Las Las North Corals that have proved incredibly resilient, recovering after hurricanes for millions of years, now are being lost at a devastating rate. Along a stunning reef on Culebra, about 35% to 40% of the coral has died since 1997, said marine biologist Edwin Hernandez of the University of Puerto Rico.

Future Bond Trading System Hernandez dived down to an area of white overtaking a golden boulder coral: "White plague," he said after surfacing.

Bond In Investing Junk Of a black band advancing across yellow brain coral, he diagnosed: "Black-band disease."

Bond Investment Orlando Motioning to a purple blotch on a star coral: "That one, we don't know what it is."

Bond Free Trading Scientists have named at least 29 coral diseases.

Bond Free Guide Investing A fungus called Aspergillus--believed to have come from dust blown across the Atlantic from Africa--is eating away at Caribbean fan corals.

Bond Gainesville Gainesville A particularly deadly form of white plague, "type two," races across corals at nearly one inch a day. Laurie Richardson, a microbiologist at Miami's Florida International University, helped isolate the cause--a bacterium of unknown origin.

Bond David David Guide Guide "Too much money is being spent on monitoring," she said. "Understanding what causes these diseases is the first step in understanding how to manage or prevent them."

Bond Investment Pensacola The critical priorities are to reduce harmful fishing and pollution, said Clive Wilkinson of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, based in Australia.

Bond Introduction Trading "If the pressures are taken off reefs, they will recover naturally and relatively rapidly," in 10 to 20 years, he said.

Bond In Investing Involved Some conservation efforts are paying off. After years of insistence from local fishermen, Puerto Rico set up a "no-take" area off Culebra. Two years later, fishermen say their catch has improved, and healthier fish populations mean healthier reefs.

Bond Columbia Columbia Even as white plague eats away at boulder corals off Culebra, they still spawn once a year. On the seventh night after a recent full moon, one released peach-colored eggs that floated away to form a new colony. Whether it will thrive is an open question.

Becoming Bond Building By Perhaps the most difficult threat to assess is climate change: Warmer ocean temperatures would bleach reefs and it's uncertain how weakened corals would cope with higher sea levels.

Bond Investment Springfield The costs involved in protecting the world's reefs also remain unclear, but many experts warn the costs of doing nothing are much greater. By one estimate, coral reefs are worth $375 billion each year to fishing, tourism and other industries.

Bond Com In Investing Along the north coast of Puerto Rico, where sewage and sediment have killed most reefs, some outcroppings of elkhorn and brain coral survive off San Juan.

Bond Investment Temple Temple To save these and other reefs, experts say, people will have to change.

Bond David Guide In Investing "Either people realize they have to press politicians to fight for these things, or we lose," Lucking said. "We lose everything."

Bond Greensboro Greensboro By Ian James
Associated Press - 12/23/2001

Topic: Ocean

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